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市场消息 2022年9月26日

悦博体育正处于房地产衰退吗?

本期视频是温德米尔首席经济学家马修·加德纳主持的周一马修系列节目的最新一期。 每个月,他都会分析最新的美国住房数据,让你随时了解房地产市场的动态。



Hello there, I’m Windermere’s Chief Economist Matthew Gardner and welcome to this month’s episode of 周一和马修一起. A little while ago, a housing analyst was being interviewed about the current state of the residential market and 他们认为,美国正处于“房地产衰退”之中。 Well, needless to say, this got a lot of attention from the media and the public at large—for obvious reasons.

只要一提到“衰退”这个词,悦博体育就会下意识地回想起2007年。 当“衰退”这个词与“住房”这个词结合在一起时,恐慌就开始出现了,新闻头条上充斥着迅速增长的住房供应、暴跌的房价和激增的丧失抵押品赎回权。

因为这是一个现在全国很多人都在讨论的话题, 我想和大家分享一下我对“房地产衰退”这个词是否适合描述今天的市场的看法。

那么,什么是衰退呢? 为了回答这个问题,我将求助于我信赖的牛津英语词典,它是这样描述这个词的。

经济衰退的定义

A slide showing two definitions of the word "recession" from the Oxford English Dictionary. The first definition is for both countable and uncountable contexts, which defines a recession as quote a difficult time for the economy of a country, when there is less trade and industrial activity than usual and more people are unemployed end quote. The second definition is the more formal of the two, applicable in uncountable contexts. The definition reads quote 向后移动:某物从先前的位置向后移动 end quote.

图片来源:Matthew Gardner

经济衰退:

  • 一个国家经济的困难时期,此时贸易和工业活动比平时少,更多的人失业
  • 向后移动:某物从先前的位置向后移动

那么,当涉及到自有住房市场时,悦博体育如何使用这些定义呢?

我想“贸易减少”可能悦博体育销售减少,悦博体育确实看到了销售的回落。 有人可能会用“倒退”来形容全国许多市场的销售价格一直在回落的事实。

但是,尽管有些人可能会说,根据这个词的定义,悦博体育真的处于房地产衰退中,但这真的准确吗? 悦博体育是否正不可避免地走上一条导致某种泡沫破裂的道路,就像悦博体育都记得的2007年那样? 我不这么认为。 为了解释我的想法,让悦博体育从住房供应开始。

待售房屋库存

A line graph titled "待售房屋库存," showing the months January 2021 through July 2022 on the x-axis and numbers in millions on the y-axis ranging from 0.8 to 1.3. The graph shows that listing activity has risen from an all-time low of 900,000 during February 2022 to over 1.2 million units in July 2022—a 35.6% increase. Between January 2021 and October 2021, inventory ranged between 1.1 and 1.2 million before plummeting steadily toward the all-time low of 900,000 in February. Since then, inventory has rebounded to over 1.2 million again almost as quickly as it dropped.

图片来源:Matthew Gardner

Yes, listing activity is up—can’t argue with that—with 与今年年初相比,待售的二手房数量增加了三分之一以上。 But there’s more to it than that. 你看,悦博体育必须看得更远一点才能更好地理解到底发生了什么。

为了做到这一点,让悦博体育看看今年前七个月的待售房屋数量,并将这些数字与2018年至2021年的同期进行比较。

按月划分的活跃房源

A multi-line graph titled "Active Listings by Month" showing the number of active listings for the years 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022. The x-axis contains the months January through July, and the y-axis shows the number of listings ranging from 600,000 to two million. Overall, the graph indicates that listings remain well below the long-term average, and that the number of homes for sale in July 2022 exactly matches that of July 2021. 2022's January value is the lowest of the selected years, followed in order by 2021, 2020, 2018, and 2019. 2019 began the year with around 1.6 million active listings. In short, the July numbers show that there were hundreds of thousands more active listings in 2018 and 2019 than 2020 through 2022.

图片来源:Matthew Gardner

我不知道你是怎么想的,但这张图表看起来不像是一个供过于求的市场! 今年7月待售房屋的数量与去年7月几乎完全相同 而且仍远低于2018年、2019年或2020年的水平。

当然,上市数量在上升。 但悦博体育的水平是否会导致价格暴跌? 请记住,正是由于待售房屋数量的大幅增加,才导致了2007年房地产泡沫的破裂。 2006年,待售房屋数量达到近390万套的峰值; but 如今,市场上的房屋数量比当时少了260万套。 Now that we’ve seen that supply isn’t at concerning levels, let’s look at demand.

现房销售

A line graph titled "现房销售." The x-axis shows every other month from January 2020 to July 2022, and the y-axis shows numbers in millions ranging from 0 to 7.0. Overall, the graph shows that, although they remain higher than the levels we saw at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, home sales have been falling since January 2022. Home sales dipped sharply in March 2020 due to the onset of the pandemic, going from above 5 million to 4 million. By September 2020, existing home sales rose above 6 million, and hovered around that mark until January 2022. In July 2022, existing home sales dipped below 5 million again.

图片来源:Matthew Gardner

这张图表看起来不太好。 按年计算,自今年年初以来,销售额一直在下滑,但这还不是全部。 让悦博体育从稍微不同的角度来看这个问题。

今年的销售

A multi-bar chart titled "今年的销售" showing non-seasonally adjusted and seasonally adjusted sales for the past five years. The years 2018 through 2022 are represented on the x-axis, while the y-axis shows numbers in millions ranging from 0 to 4.0. 2022 year-to-date sales are lower than they were last year, but unadjusted for seasonality, year-to-date sales are higher than 2019 or 2020. And when adjusted for seasonal shifts, 2022's year-to-date sales are higher than 2018, 2019, and 2020. 2021 has the highest year-to-date sales totals, with both non- and seasonally adjusted sales figures right around 3.5 million.

图片来源:Matthew Gardner

这里的条形图显示了截至7月份的年初至今的销售额——包括经季节性调整和未经季节性调整的销售额——尽管今年迄今为止未经季节性调整的销售额低于悦博体育在2021年前7个月看到的水平,但与2018年的水平大致相同,高于2019年或2020年。

但是,当悦博体育根据季节性因素调整月度销售数据时,2022年年初至今的销售额高于除2021年以外的所有年份。

So, although sales have fallen, 在我看来,悦博体育正在回到一个更现实的市场,而不是一个正在大出血的市场。 Yet another indicator we need to consider when examining the market for evidence of some sort of recession are months of inventory , which shows how long it would take to sell every home for sale using the current monthly sales pace.

库存月数

A line graph titled "库存月数," which reflects how long it would take every home on the market to sell given the current housing market conditions. The x-axis displays the months January 2021 through July 2022, and the y-axis shows the number of months ranging from 0 to 3.5. The chart shows a figure of 3.3 months of inventory for July, indicating a seller's market. A balanced market is 4 to 6 months of inventory. From January 2021 to August 2021, months of inventory rose from below 2.0 to above 2.5, then dipped to just above 1.5 in January 2022. Since then, months of inventory has steadily risen to the 3.3-month figure in July 2022.

图片来源:Matthew Gardner

这张图表显示,根据悦博体育在7月份看到的销售情况,需要三个月的时间才能把市场上所有的房子都卖出去。 这与1月份的速度相比是相当大的飞跃,但再次强调,前景决定一切。

库存月数: 出售er’s Market

A line graph titled "库存月数," which presents an expanded view of inventory dating back to the year 2000. The x-axis shows the years 2000 through 2022, and the y-axis shows the months of inventory ranging from 0 to 13. The graph shows that as of 2022, we are still in a seller's market, even though listings have risen and sales have slowed. A balanced market—marked by 4-6 months inventory—is still not present. From 2000 to early 2006, the housing market stayed below 6, then leapt up to roughly 10 months by 2008. The highest months of inventory displayed is 13 between 2010 and 2011. Since then, the overall direction of the chart has trended downwards, with the lowest figure—below 2 months of inventory—appearing in late 2021/early 2022.

图片来源:Matthew Gardner

At three months, it is still a seller’s market. 人们普遍认为,卖方市场的定义是四个月以下的任何数字; 一个平衡的市场是4到6个月的库存,而买方市场是6个月以上的库存。

简单的数学运算告诉悦博体育,要让市场从青睐卖家转变为青睐买家,待售房屋的数量必须突破200万套——这是悦博体育自2015年以来从未见过的——而月销售量必须降至30万套以下。 这种情况在历史上只发生过三次:2008年11月,以及2010年7月和8月。

是的,房源在增加,销售额在下降。 不可否认的是。 但是,数据是否证明了衰退一词的合理性? 我的回答是否定的。 但是,如果你仍然不相信,让悦博体育把注意力转向销售价格。 我想这可能会让事情变得更清楚。

美国现房价格中位数

A line graph titled "美国现房价格中位数." It shows home sale price figures (displayed on the y-axis from $100,000 to $450,000) for the months January and July from 2012 through 2022 (displayed on the x-axis). a solid line tracks the median home price, showing a gradual increase over time from roughly $150,000 in January 2012 to over $400,000 in July 2022. A dotted line runs through the middle of the undulations in the solid line, following the same upward trend from 2012 through the end of 2020. But during early 2021, the solid line breaks away from the trend line, which reflects the historically low levels of mortgage rates at that time. Sale prices are starting to pull back, given the affordability constraints and high financing costs in the housing market status quo. Windermere Chief Economist Matthew Gardner expects this pull-back of prices to continue.

图片来源:Matthew Gardner

实线代表一段时间内房屋销售价格的中位数,虚线表示趋势。 你可以清楚地看到,悦博体育在2021年初开始脱离趋势线,这一点也不奇怪,因为它是在抵押贷款利率达到历史最低点后的一个月开始的。

但如今的融资成本要高得多,价格也开始下滑。 虽然我当然预计悦博体育会看到销售价格进一步下跌,但在我看来,它们似乎只是回到了长期趋势,而不是崩溃。

按揭利率预测

A multi-bar chart titled "按揭利率预测" showing how several institutions foresee mortgage rates in 2023. The chart shows Fannie Mae's 2023 prediction of 4.5%, followed by Freddie Mac's 5.1%, Mortgage Bankers Association's (MBA) 4.9%, 6.0% for the National Association of REALTORS® (NAR), 5.3% for Wells Fargo, and Matthew's forecast of 5.3%. Overall, rates remain higher than buyers are used to, but will not get close to the long-term average of 7.5%. It is generally accepted that mortgage rates are likely to start pulling back modestly in 2023.

图片来源:Matthew Gardner

随着抵押贷款利率从2021年的低点翻了一番,预计销售价格将面临下行压力。 但是他们会像一些人认为的那样上升到导致房价暴跌的水平吗? 为了回答这个问题,以下是几个协会的预测。 除了全美房地产经纪人协会(National Association of Realtors)和房地美(Freddie Mac),你会看到所有这些机构的利率都将在2023年回落——尽管幅度不大。

当然,所有这些都是年平均值,今天的利率更高,房地美最新数据显示,30年期固定利率平均超过6%,这是自2008年以来悦博体育从未见过的水平。

然而,包括我在内的经济学家认为,利率不太可能继续从目前的水平大幅上升。 由于收益率曲线倒转,抵押贷款市场现在肯定有点混乱,但这应该会在明年初自我纠正,这就是原因 悦博体育普遍预计,到2023年初,利率将开始从目前的水平回落。

但是,如果利率上升引发了2008年的记忆,那么你不是一个人。 一些人预计,利率的飙升将引发止赎案的激增,这将使市场陷入困境。 但正如你在这里看到的,虽然止赎申请确实有所增加,但与历史标准相比,它们仍然非常低。

美国止赎申请

A bar graph titled "美国止赎申请" showing the number of home foreclosures (displayed on the y-axis from 0 to 250,000) in the U.S. from Q1 2017 to Q2 2022 (displayed on the y-axis). From Q1 2017 to Q2 2019, U.S. foreclosures remained above 150,000. Between Q1 and Q2 2020, foreclosures dropped from just below 150,000 to well below 50,000. This figure dropped further in Q3 2020 but has increased every quarter since. Windermere Chief Economist Matthew Gardner opines that this increasing trend of foreclosures is not concerning, since it does not yet represent a level of foreclosures sufficient to create an oversupply in the market.

图片来源:Matthew Gardner

In the second quarter, newly delinquent mortgages represented just 1.9% of all mortgages outstanding1 and that’s the lowest share the market has seen since 2006. 虽然我确实预计,随着悦博体育进入2023年,被取消抵押品赎回权的房屋数量将会上升,但我认为它不会达到对市场产生实质性影响所必需的水平。 我的想法背后的很大一部分原因是:

富股权家庭(2022年第二季度)

A slide titled "富股权家庭(2022年第二季度)" showing a map of the United States where each state's equity rich household percentage is displayed. "Equity rich" in this context signifies people with a mortgage that are sitting on more than 50% equity. The highest equity-rich state in the country is Vermont at 71.4%, followed by Idaho at 69.5%, and Arizona at 64.8%. The least equity rich state in the country is Louisiana at 23.4%, followed by Illinois at 25.4%, and Alaska at 26.7%.

图片来源:Matthew Gardner

在2022年第二季度,超过48%的抵押贷款房主拥有超过50%的股权。

简单地说,要让足够多的房主陷入负资产状况,导致他们丧失抵押品赎回权,并对市场造成实质性损害,全国各地的房价必须下跌一个比悦博体育在市场崩溃期间看到的更大的百分比。 我不认为会发生这种事。

“衰退”这个词有很多含义,当它被用来描述房地产市场时,它会引起相当程度的恐慌。 所以,我会问你们所有人。 考虑到我今天给你们看的数据,你认为悦博体育正处于房地产衰退中吗?

是的,供应水平已经上升。 但与历史平均水平相比,它们仍然相对较低,而且随着建筑商将建筑活动放缓到爬行的程度,住房供应不太可能大幅增长。 从长期来看,我认为待售二手房的供应量将保持在历史平均水平以下。 我这么说的原因很简单:抵押贷款利率。

2020年,创纪录数量的家庭为他们的房屋再融资,以利用一直在下降的抵押贷款利率。 2021年,超过600万购房者获得了平均利率低于3%的抵押贷款。

我想告诉你的是,在中期,悦博体育甚至不会看到待售房屋的数量回到正常水平, 因为许多潜在的卖家将决定不出售,因为如果他们这样做,他们将失去前所未有的,可能永远不会再看到的抵押贷款利率,他们目前拥有。

当然,会有卖家因为工作调动、死亡或离婚等因素不得不搬家,但我认为,上市活动可能会在很长一段时间内紧张。 如果供应仍然低于需求水平,市场将得到进一步保护。

就需求而言,悦博体育不要忘记,这个国家的年龄构成表明,随着千禧一代和Z一代的成熟,悦博体育将看到更多的潜在买家,目前的数据表明,未来20年的买家需求很大。

至于销售价格,我仍然相信(和几乎所有经济学家一样),明年的房价中位数将高于今年,但销售增长的速度可能会大幅下降,因为悦博体育的趋势是下降到历史平均水平。

当然,所有的房地产都是本地的,全国各地的市场都将看到价格的绝对下降。 但即使在最易受影响的市场,这也将是一个暂时的现象。 到2024年,这些市场的房主将看到他们的房屋价值再次开始上涨。

我想用我的一句话来描述今天的市场,就是这样 we are in a “housing reversion,” a housing recession.

和往常一样,我很想听到你对我的想法的评论,所以请随时联系我。 与此同时,请注意安全下个月再见。

1:纽约联邦储备银行家庭债务和信贷季度报告


关于马修·加德纳

作为Windermere Real Estate的首席经济学家,Matthew Gardner负责分析和解释经济数据及其对地方和全国房地产市场的影响。 Matthew在美国和英国拥有超过30年的专业经验

除了日常工作之外,马修还是华盛顿州州长经济顾问委员会的成员; 华盛顿大学华盛顿房地产研究中心董事会主席; 他是华盛顿大学伦斯塔德房地产研究中心的顾问委员会成员,并在那里讲授房地产经济学。

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